The Chisholm Trail and Its Role In The Cattle Industry Research Paper

The Chisholm Trail and Its Role In The Cattle Industry - Research Paper Example This paper declares that the Chisholm Trail suffered as well. With barbed wire defining the boundaries of ranch lands, the trails were soon feeling cramped . It received a temporary reprieve in 1880 from competition on the western trails that led more directly to Dodge City, when rail service was extended to Caldwell, Kansas, and once again there was a temporary boom. However, it was apparent that the route was declining, and it would soon be silent forever. To the cattle industry, the Chisholm Trail was responsible for more than just driving the steers to market. Towns had been built and grown because of it. It had caused the upswing of meat-packing plants in Chicago and Kansas City, and had even caused rage in Europe when businessmen became irate that their markets were being flooded with American beef. This paper makes a conclusion that by 1885, fenced-in ranching replaced the way of life that had been known on the open range and trails. Though the Chisholm Trail soon grew quiet, and it would never know again the thunderous sound of cattle at its crossings. The Chisholm Trail carries a legacy that has come to symbolize the heyday of the cattle industry and the era of the cowboy, and neither time, nor change, nor the invention of barbed wire can upset the place that it holds in the hearts of those descended from the cowboys, trail bosses, guides, and chuck wagon cooks that once rode along its routes.

Dual Identities Essay Example for Free

Dual Identities Essay What is identity? We know from intuitive self-awareness that personal identity exists. It seems to be a fact of conscious life, as common as the word I. But the real question is how to define it? I have come to realize that there is no set definition on what makes an identity, so if my understanding is correct anything and everything can make an identity. There is no wrong answer. It varies from person to person. For example Andre Dubus, the author of Witnessmakes his identity clear through stories in which he shows his disability. In his case having a disability is part of his identity I cannot stand or walk . . . I cannot live as normals do. As for myself, I can relate, although not to the extent as Dubus, I can understand the anger that goes along with a disability. My disability is anemia, and while most people that suffer from anemia do not see anything other than minor side effects, I do. I am severely anemic, and so it affects my everyday life. I have trouble getting up in the morning because I am too tired, even after a good night sleep. I have to take iron pills and I eat red meat almost every day. Furthermore, I have seen more doctors than I wish to remember and they all tell me the same thing youll grow out of it. Really, thanks Doctor, youve been so helpful, I reply sarcastically. Few people know about my sickness, which I plan to keep that way. For some reason I feel that if many people knew about it they would feel bad for me, and could possibly think I was weak, which is the last thing that I want. Part of my identity is being strong and un-afraid, which is a difficult thing to pull off for a girl. Dave Barry the author of Guys vs. Men thinks that a lot of men give guys a bad name. Just like Barry I think that a lot of girls give females a bad name. Let me explain. I think that a lot of girls are overly dramatic, way too emotional, and acted dumber than they really are, for reasons that are very unclear to me. I know that I am feeding into the stereotype, but some girls fit the stereotype too well to not comment on. I refuse to take guff from anyone, unless I deserve it, and I speak what is on my mind. I have heard that I can be very threatening, but I do not believe that I should refrain from speaking my mind when I see it necessary.  In Keith Bradshers essay Reptile Dreams Clotaire Rapaille describes teens very well by commenting that They want to give the message, I want to be able to fight back, dont mess with me.' Clotaire seems to sum up the thoughts of the American youth very well, or at least me. I think that I acquired that aspect of my identity from when I lived in Los Angeles. Zora Neal Hurston explains it well I left Eatonville, as ZoraWhen I disembarked on the river boatShe was no more, in her essay How if feels to be Colored Me.She expressed exactly how I felt when I moved to Sacramento. I felt like I wasnt myself anymore. When I lived in Los Angeles I developed an eclectic personality; because I was friends with so many different types of people I took on other aspects of my personality. Unfortunately because I lived in LA I always had to have my guard up, im not sure how to explain it correctly other than, if you lived there you would understand. For the most part everyone had to fend for themselves, and if you werent able to do that than you were a follower of someone who did. I later came to realize that ones sense of self, or ones identity is developed through, among other things, external influences including friends, family, and situations. Now looking back I can see where I have gotten my attitude. Im smart mouthed, sarcastic, and blunt. Through those traits I have also acquired nicknames. A recent nickname as of this summer was, Ms. Attitude. This summer I went wake-boarding with some family friends, their friends, and my best friend. So basically it was my friend and I, and 7 guys. What I came to realize though this summer, is that most guys arent used to girls that talk back. Because I am very sarcastic the guys were very surprised, which is why I developed the nickname. They thought it was hilarious, and I was recently told by one of them that they miss my attitude, so I guess I left an impression. What is shocking to me though, is that I usually get that reaction from most guys, which leads me to believe that they have never met any girls from LA. I moved last summer before senior year to Granite Bay, and attended Granite Bay High School my senior year. I moved from my moms house to my dads house,  willingly, to avoid a lot of un-necessary drama. The move was quite unexpected for everyone but myself. I left because I came to realize that my friends were no longer my friends. Many of my friends had begun to do some very hard drugs, and so I no longer wanted to be around them. I knew it was a bad environment, so I left. I have always been very independent and have never relied on anyone else to make decisions for me. I only did what I thought was right, yet after sharing my story with a few new friends in Nor*Cal I witnessed a lot of jaw-dropping, everyone thought that it was such a big deal. My identity quickly developed, I was the girl from L.A. I valued that identity, I almost felt like superman, I was Clark Kent when I was home in LA, and Superman when I was in Sacramento. I say Superman because a lot of people kind of looked at me like that, like I was invincible. I was like nothing any of them were used to. Other than being influenced from where one lives or lived, I believe that family can have a huge impact on ones identity. For instance, because I was raised by my mom, I turned out differently than if I was raised by my dad. If I was raised by my dad I think I would have turned out much more emotionally detached, and much more independent. I say this because my dads a guy, he doesnt seem to care about anything other than himself and definitely shows no sign of emotion or feeling, that means no hugs. If I was raised by him Im sure I would have had a job at thirteen and would probably be living on my own now. But because I was raised by my mom I grew being very spoiled, because my mom believes that school is more important than work so I was never allowed to get a job. Unfortunately I grew up having everything handed to me. Which is good because I got everything that I wanted very easily, but bad because I got used to having everything handed to me. In addition, because I grew up living with my mom I became more compassionate and caring because thats what I was taught. I consider the way I was raised part of my identity, I grew up with very strong ties to my family and thats part of who I am. In conclusion, I believe that there is no one way to decipher where an identity can come from. So once again what is identity? humans are the only animal that can be aware of oneself, and so we are also the only animal to  contemplate who we are, and why we are that way. Through this constant mission of self discovery everyone seems to have an ever-changing view on their personal identity. It is a fact of conscious life, as common as the word I, to want to know who we are. I have come to realize that there is no set definition on what makes an identity, so if my understanding is correct anything and everything can make an identity. There is no wrong answer. It seems to vary from person to person and if any given event, person, action, etc, has effected someone greatly enough it can become part of their identity, even unknowingly. For me writing this paper was a mission of self discovery, I have never really considered who I am other than the obvious. I now know who I am and why I am the way I am. To me that was the hardest thing to answer. Why?

The Language and Uses of Religion in George Balcombe :: George Balcombe Religious Papers

The Language and Uses of Religion in George Balcombe In his 1836 novel, George Balcombe, Nathaniel Beverley Tucker presents the Southern Elite male discourse on religion. Throughout the novel, the speeches of Balcombe and William reveal that they use language that refers to God, but more often they embrace Enlightenment ideals such as reason and self-reliance. Several passages speak directly to the elite idea of God’s love, God’s intended ways for men and women to love one another, and God’s ordained roles for women and slaves. Many other portions of the text reveal differences between the ways in which elite men, non-elite men, and women talk about God and value religious faith. Evangelical piety posed many challenges to the patriarchal order of early 19th century southern society, so it is no surprise that elite men prioritized attributes other than Christian faith and that religion took on different meanings for people with different levels of status in the social hierarchy. Lindman and Wyatt-Brown describe the assimilation of evangelicalism into the existing social order and the changing definitions of honor between the time of the revolution and the 1830s. Lyerly’s descriptions of the religious experience of Methodist women and slaves provides a context for understanding how the role of religion differed between elite men and other groups. These historians’ works enrich the reader’s understanding of Tucker’s presentation of the white elite male discourse on the role of religion in the antebellum period. Balcombe and William indicate their sense of God’s presence in their lives throughout their dialogues. In their first conversation, Balcombe excuses William’s faux pas by waxing lyrical that men must make mistakes in order to learn virtue, and concludes that â€Å"it is God’s plan of accomplishing his greatest end, and must be the best plan† (v1, 9). While this reference to God’s power seems sincere, other references appear more careless, such as the phrase â€Å"God forbid† (v1, 9), which these characters use throughout the novel. William’s remark that â€Å"My talkative host now gave his tongue a holyday, while his teeth took their turn at work† is an almost whimsical appropriation of religious terminology to describe mundane events. Often in their dialogues, â€Å"God† is interchangeable with â€Å"Providence† - in one place, William speaks of â€Å"God’s providence† (v1,266). They personify P rovidence and attribute to it most circumstances in their life, in phrases such as â€Å"the pleasure that Providence sends me† (v1,17).

Jonathan Swift’s A Modest Proposal Essay -- Literary Analysis

A satire uses irony or sarcasm to make a point. Many authors use satire to bring society’s attention to political, social, or economic problems in a somewhat humorous way. Some authors even use satire in an attempt to correct the religious practices of the society. Satire is an effective way to highlight problems because it is non-threatening but it grabs the attention of the reader. Jonathan Swift wrote his satirical essay â€Å"A Modest Proposal† to bring attention to the political, economic, and social problems of Ireland in 1729. For many years, England, and later the United Kingdom, controlled Ireland. This imperialism started when the Irish king lost part of his kingdom in 1169 and asked for help from the Normans, who were French-speaking people who then controlled England. To thank the Normans for their help, the king of Ireland gave his daughter in marriage to Strongbow, the Norman king. Strongbow then became king over Ireland, and the English have controlled Ireland ever since. It was not until the late fifthteenth and early sixteenth centuries that England started to exercise its full control over Ireland. In gaining control over the island, the English â€Å"drove the Irish leaders from Ireland† (Arthurton). During this time a process called â€Å"plantation† was introduced in Ireland. According to the journal â€Å"Experience England,† to plantation was when â€Å"†¦England took land and property from Catholic Irish landowners and gave them to English settlers who were Prot estant.† This forced the Irish men and women to become tenant farmers for the British landowners, making barely enough money to feed their families (Arthurton). When England had a civil war in the 1640s the Irish Catholics took one side. On the other side was the Protest... ....udel.edu/udireland/news/1_23_english_irish.htm> Chowdhury, Ahsan. "Splenetic Ogres and Heroic Cannibals in Jonathan Swift's A Modest Proposal (1729)." English Studies in Canada 34.2/3 (2008): 131-157. Academic Search Complete. EBSCO. Web. 8 Mar. 2010. Lestringant, Frank. â€Å"Travels in Eucharistia: Formosa and Ireland from George Psalmaanazaar to Jonathan Swift.† Trans. Noah Guynn. Yale French Studies 86(2010) 109-25 Richardson, John. "Swift, A Modest Proposal[/em] and Slavery." Essays in Criticism 51.4 (2001): 404. Academic Search Complete. EBSCO. Web. 8 Mar. 2010. Swift, Jonathan. "A Modest Proposal for Preventing the Children of Poor People in Ireland From Being a Burden to Their Parents or Country, and or Making Them Beneficial to the Public." The Norton Anthology. Eighth Edition. Ed. Greenblatt, Stephen. New York, NY: W. W. Norton & Company, 2006. 1114-1119.

Comm 287 Study Guide

COMM 287 ADVERTSING AS SOCIAL COMMUNICATION STUDY GUIDE 1 Questions for â€Å"New Branded World† by Naomi Klein â€Å"On Advertising: Sut Jhally vs. James Twitchell† â€Å"Advertising as Religion† by Sut Jhally Film: No Logo Film: The Diamond Empire Naomi Klein: New Branded World 1. What idea was the gospel of the machine age? Bolstering ones brand name was important 2. What consensus emerged about corporations in the 1980’s? Corporations were bloated, oversized, owned too much, employed too many people, and were weighed down with too many things 3. What race were new companies such as Nike and Microsoft competing in?A race to own the least and employ the fewest people rivaling the traditional all American manufacturers’ for market share. hey claimed that producing goods was only part of their operations 4. What tools and materials are needed for creating a brand? brand extensions, continuously renewed imagery for marketing and, most of all, fresh n ew spaces to disseminate the brand's idea of itself 5. What is the difference between the brand and the advertisement? Advertising any given product is only one part of branding's grand plan, as are sponsorship and logo licensing.Think of the brand as the core meaning of the modem corporation, and of the advertisement as one vehicle used to convey that meaning to the world. 6. What was the first function of branding? The first task of branding was to bestow proper names on generic goods such as sugar, flour, soap and cereal 7. According to adman Bruce Barton what was the role of advertising? In 1923 Barton said that the role of advertising was to help corporations find their soul. The son of a preacher, he drew on his religious upbringing for plifting messages: â€Å"I like to think of advertising as something big, something splendid, something which goes deep down into an institution and gets hold of the soul of it. †¦ Institutions have souls, just as men and nations have sou ls† 8. Where did the search for the true meaning of the brand take the agencies? The search for the true meaning of brands – or the â€Å"brand essence,† as it is often called – gradually took the agencies away from individual products and their attributes and toward a psychological/anthropological examination of what brands mean to the culture and to people's lives. 9.Why was the purchase of Kraft by Phillip Morris spectacular news for the ad world? This was spectacular news for the ad world, which was now able to make the claim that advertising spending was more than just a sales strategy: it was an investment in cold hard equity. The more you spend, the more your company is worth. 10. What did the radical shift in corporate philosophy towards the value of branding send manufactures to engage in? Increased advertising 11. What does David Lubars call consumers? David Lubars, a senior ad executive in the Omnicom Group, explains the industry's guiding princ iple with more candor than most.Consumers, he says, â€Å"are like roaches – you spray them and spray them and they get immune after a while. † 12. What is the â€Å"experiential communication† industry? A $30 billion bill industry. It is the staging of such branded pieces of corporate performance art and more. (ads on park benches, sidewalks, phone calls) 13. What happened on â€Å"Marlboro Friday†? it refers to a sudden announcement from Philip Morris that it would slash the price of Marlboro cigarettes by 20 percent in an attempt to compete with bargain brands that were eating into its market. 14.What was â€Å"Marlboro Friday† a culmination of? it was the culmination of years of escalating anxiety in the face of some rather dramatic shifts in consumer habits that were seen to be eroding the market share of household-name brands, from Tide to Kraft. 15. What happened to corporate strategy as a result of the bargain craze of the early nineties? A dvertising spending went down. Many decided to put their money into promotions such as giveaways, contests, in-store displays and (like Marlboro) price reductions The bargain craze of the early nineties shook the name brands to their core.Suddenly it seemed smarter to put resources into price reductions and other incentives than into fabulously expensive ad campaigns. 16. According to the agencies what would competing on the basis of real value lead to? Stooping to compete on the basis of real value, the agencies ominously warned, would spell not just the death of the brand, but corporate death as well. 17. How did companies such as Coke, Pepsi, McDonald’s, Burger King and Disney respond to the brand crisis? And when the brands crashed, these companies didn't even notice – they were branded to the bone. They always understood that they were selling brands before product.They had their eyes fixed on global expansion. 18. How did The Body Shop and Starbucks foster powerf ul brand identities? What the success of both the Body Shop and Starbucks showed was how far the branding project had come in moving beyond splashing one's logo on a billboard. Here were two companies that had fostered powerful identities by making their brand concept into a virus and sending it out into the culture via a variety of channels: cultural sponsorship, political controversy, the consumer experience and brand extensions. 19. According to Scott Bedbury what must brands establish?Emotional ties because there’s no difference between products 20. What is the difference between advertising and branding? Advertising is about hawking product. Branding, in its truest and most advanced incarnations, is about corporate transcendence. 21. What was the new consensus that developed as a result of the success of the brand builders? The brand builders conquered and a new consensus was born: the products that will flourish in the future will be the ones presented not as â€Å"com modities† but as concepts: the brand as experience, as lifestyle. 22. How do brands present themselves on-line?It is on-line that the purest brands are being built: liberated from the realworld burdens of stores and product manufacturing, these brands are free to soar, less as the disseminators of goods or services than as collective hallucinations. . 23. How does Tom Peters separate types of companies? The top half – Coca-Cola, Microsoft, Disney, and so on – are pure ‘players' in brainware. The bottom half [Ford and GM] are still lumpy-object purveyors, though automobiles are much ‘smarter' than they used to be,† Peters writes in The Circle of Innovation (1997), an ode to the power of marketing over production. 24.In the new context how did ad agencies present themselves to their clients? 25. What does Phil Knight think Nike’s mission is? its mission is not to sell shoes but to â€Å"enhance people's lives through sports and fitnessâ₠¬  and to keep â€Å"the magic of sports alive. † 26. According to John Hegarty, what is Polaroid? â€Å"Polaroid's problem,† diagnosed the chairman of its advertising agency, John Hegarty, â€Å"was that they kept thinking of themselves as a camera. But the ‘[brand] vision' process taught us something: Polaroid is not a camera – it's a social lubricant. † 27. How does Tibor Kalman sum up the shifting role of the brand? The original notion of the brand was quality, but now brand is a stylistic badge of courage. † 28. According to Richard Branson, what do you build brands around? The idea, he explains, is to â€Å"build brands not around products but around reputation. 29. What is Tommy Hilfiger in the business of? Tommy Hilfiger, meanwhile, is less in the business of manufacturing clothes than he is in the business of signing his name. The entire company is run through licensing agreements. 30. According to Paul Otellini, how is Intel like C oke? Paul S. Otellini, replied that lntel is â€Å"like Coke.One brand, many different products. † 31. According to Sam Hill, Jack McGrath and Sandeep Dayal what can also be branded? â€Å"Based on extensive research, we would argue that you can indeed brand not only sand, but also wheat, beef, brick, metals, concrete, chemicals, corn grits and an endless variety of commodities traditionally considered immune to the process. † â€Å"On Advertising† Sut Jhally vs James Twirchell 1. As a social scientist, what question is Jhally interested in? As a social scientist, I am interested in the question of determination– what structures the world and how we live in it. . What is Marx’s aphorism that Jhally works with? I work with Marx's aphorism: philosophers help us understand the world, but the point is to change it. 3. What was Twitchell amazed by in terms of what his students knew? I was amazed by how little my students knew about literature compared t o advertising. 4. What about the material world interests Twitchell? I'm interested in why the material world has been so overlooked. Why has it been so denigrated? Why are we convinced that happiness can't come from it? 5. Why is Jhally interested in advertising, coming out of the Marxist tradition?The reason I am interested in advertising, coming out of that tradition, is that advertising links those two things together. It allows us to speak about both the material world and the world of symbolism and culture. 6. What is Jhally’s view driven by? Political factors not moral ones 7. What according to Jhally, have advertisers realized since the 1920s? They've realized since the 1920s that things don't make people happy, that what drives people is a social life. 8. Why doesn’t Jhally agree with Twitchell, when he (Twitchell) says that advertisers are delivering to people what they want?Advertisers are delivering images of what people say they want connected to the thing s advertisers sell. 9. What vision does Jhally see in advertising? A vision of socialism 10. Why does Twitchell think advertising excludes communal desires? because they are not as high on most people's agendas as they are for those of us in our fifties. Maybe most people are not as interested in the things we say we are interested in such as family and community. Maybe they are more interested in individual happiness. 11. Why doesn’t Jhally think that we can accept that advertisers reflect people’s real needs and desires?Advertising dominates so much that it leaves little room for alternate vision 12. According to Jhally, where is the only place in the culture where there is still independent thinking going on? The academy (universities) 13. Why does Jhally think that students do not follow through on the politics they really believe in once they leave higher education? When they leave school, they have a lot of debt that they have to do whatever they can to make mone y. 14. Why does Jhally disagree with Twitchell’s claim that the media system reflects most people’s ideas and desires? It has to do with access, not ideas.Everything is dependent on ad revenues, rather than public service. 15. How do Jhally and Twitchell disagree when it comes to the question of power? Jhally: Power is coming from the outside in. As if these corporate interests are over there doing things to us. Twitchell: ads are the articulated will of consumers rather than the air pumped out by commercial interests. 16. Why does Twitchell think people buy diamonds when they know them to be worthless? The need to make ceremony, to fetishize moments of great anxiety 17. According to Jhally, what does the diamond example point to?It points to how ads work (by reaching to human needs) capitalism works because it talks about real needs that drive people. 18. According to Jhally what is real and false about advertising? Real: its appeals False: the answers it provides to those appeals 19. According to Jhally, why is happiness a zero-sum game? Because although things are connected to happiness, it is always in a relative state ( in terms of what other people also have at that time. 20. What does Marx say about people making history â€Å"people make their own history/meaning, but not in conditions of their own choosing† 1. According to Jhally, what happens when you look at only one side of Marx’s aphorism on making history? You get a distorted view 22. According to Jhally, why did the Soviet Union fall apart? No one believed in it. They could see images of an alternative coming out of the west. 23. Why does Twitchell think advertising is not a trick? Because he sees trickery not as them pulling a trick on us but us actively collaborating in the process 24. What is Twitchell’s view of morality in advertising? It doesn’t figure into it. Ad has 1 moral value: Buy Stuff.Billboards ( immoral. The application of moral concerns t o ads is feckless. 25. According to Jhally, what is the last way you should evaluate advertising? Whether advertising is telling the truth or not. There is nothing to evaluate in ads. 26. What does Twitchell think people are after in advertising? These patterns that have to so with belonging, with ordering, with making sense 27. How does Twitchell answer the question of whether advertising is art? Art is whatever he says it is. Art= what people who teach literature, art, run galleries, edit magazines say it is. 28.Where does Twitchell see power emanating from in religion? The congregation behind the pulpit (supermarket arises) Sut Jhally â€Å"Advertising as Religion: The Dialectic of Technology and Magic† 1. What secret did capitalism discover that previous modes of production had not? (p. 218) capitalism discovered the â€Å"secret† of material production and proceeded to install it as its central and defining activity 2. In older non-market societies how could we ch aracterize people’s relationships with goods? (p. 219) A much more direct connection between the 2. people produced the goods the consumed for the most part. . What feature of goods did Marx recognize and install into his methodological framework? (p. 219) Goods are communicators of social relations 4. Why did Marx start his analysis with the Commodity? (p. 219) Because if one could understand how the community was produced, exchanged and consumed, then one would have the basis of an understanding of the entire system of capitalist relations 5. What happens to the real meaning of goods in capitalist production and consumption? (p. 220) 6. What does T. Jackson Lears argue about the early years of the 20th century (p. 220) That â€Å"feeling† replaced information . What had happened to the quest for health by the 20th century (p. 220) It had become almost entirely a secular process -advertisers picked up on these exploited emotional needs 8. How does advertising resemble the therapeutic world? (p. 221) All overarching structures of meaning had collapsed 9. In the consumer society what takes over the functions of traditional culture? (p. 221) The market place and consumption 10. What is the function of advertising with regard to the relation between object and producer? (p. 221) To refill the emptied commodity with meaning –ads ( initial emptying out 11.In the stage of Idolatry how does the consumer society respond to the appearance of the â€Å"immense collection of commodities† (p. 222) Celebratory mode: celebrate the great productive capacities of industrial society as reflected in products 12. What are the early stages of national advertising characterized by? (p. 222) Products are dominant/transcendent/ awesome 13. What strategy did advertisers use to call forth a religious experience with objects? (p. 223) -visual cliches: vague forms of sacred symbolism -transformed products into a surrogate trigger 14. How does advertising deve lop in the stage of Iconology? (p. 23) -moves from the worship of commodities to their meaning within a social context. Products + People = embodiment of social values ( ads are meaning-bared 15. In the stage of Narcissism how is the power of the product predominantly manifested? (p. 223-4) Through the strategy of â€Å"Black Magic† people undergo physical transformations or the commodity can be used to entrance/enrapture other ppl. 16. In the stage of Totemism, what do goods take the place of? (p. 224) Natural species 17. In the contemporary marketplace how is the person-object relationship articulated? (p. 224) Psychologically, physically, socially 8. How does advertising reflect the world that Marx described as characteristic of capitalism? (p. 224) A place of magic and fetishism ( goods are autonomous, they are in relationships with each other and where they appear in â€Å"fantastic forms† (with humans) 19. What is the real function of advertising if not to give p eople information? (p. 225) To make people feel good 20. What is advertising a secular version of and why? (p. 225) God. They can â€Å"satisfy† us and â€Å"justify† our choices 21. What two gospels does John Kavanaugh identify? (p. 226) Commodity form Personal form 22.At what level does advertising as a religion operate? (p. 226) Mundane, everyday level 23. What kind of religion can advertising be compared to? (p. 227) 19th century west Africa tribes ( Fetishism 24. According to Raymond Williams, what choice does modern advertising obscure? (p. 228) The choice between man as consumer and man as user 25. In the world of advertising the spirits of what invade the commodity and supply its power? (p. 229) The spirits of technology Film: No Logo 1. What did the new political movement identified by Klein in the mid 1990s take issue with? The growing power of multinational corps . What fundamental shift in marketing thought is reflected by â€Å"lifestyle branding†? Management babble ( if companies wanted success, their true product was their idea, not products 3. What does this fundamental shift explain? New forms of marketing, assault on public sphere, less choice -hearing more about the quality of work 4. What was the function of the first brands? Comfort and personal relationships 5. What does Klein mean by â€Å"brand tribes† Sell lifestyles ( ex. â€Å"nike type of person† 6. What idea did Coke sell in the 60s? Peace and love, youth and lifestyle 7. What did Disney sell? The American Dream 8.What does Nike sell? The nature of sport, athletic ability of star athletes 9. How does the new marketing approach differ from the old one? NEW: goes out into the culture and actually sees where people are using products 10. What is distinctive about the town Celebration? Created by Disney ( reps the American Dream Worlds first branded town ( no brands there 11. How does the colonization of public space pose a fundamental threat to democ racy? No choice anymore ( ads are EVERYWHERE –lost the idea of the public 12. How are shopping malls a striking example of this danger? They are private but designed to mimic a town square 3. What is different about the contemporary power of corporations than previously? -corps are on private property ( no freedom of speech and expression – they decide what to put in their stores ( they decide who makes money 14. How does Walmart’s â€Å"family values† brand identity clash with free speech? Lyrics, pics on magazines, etc. ( don’t fit their image 15. What do companies now see as their primary role? Producing brands and image meaning (logos) 16. How does a Nike sneaker get produced and by whom? Broker in hong kong send them to factories and contractors to find the cheapest place 17.What is the â€Å"Nike paradigm†? Finding cheapest places for the production and paying low wages 18. How are wages kept low by companies? Tightly controlling a wor k force (no unions) 19. What are export processing zones? Industrial parks (produces goods for our exploits) 20. Why is the work force in free trade zones largely young and female? They come from provinces and women are easier to control 21. What contradicts the much heralded claim that globalization will lead to development in poor countries? Labor is cheaper out east and they pay very little 22. How is the Nike example a case study in worker abuse?Countries began competing to see who could abuse their workers more 23. When companies decide to build the brand, what is at the cost of? Company sells off factories 24. How are American and European workers casualties of globalization and the Nike paradigm? People who had steady jobs lost them 25. What are McJobs? People who sell products for mega jobs, not real ones 26. Who are the two biggest employers in the U. S. Wal-mart and man power 27. How can a shoe tell the story of globalization It was produces all over the world 28. What are brand-based investigative activities?Campaigns look behind the brand to see how products are produced 29. What have become the most visible targets of globalization? Brands produced globally (china, korea, etc) 30. What is the line of riot cops guarding a McDonalds or a Starbucks symbolic of? They’re guarding the â€Å"entry point to globalization† 31. How can you shop ethically in this context? Support businesses that are ethical, buy in bulk as a school m become apart of the global movement 32. If you keep following the logos, where do you end up? Doorstep of the institutions that are writing the rules of global trade 33.What is being articulated by the street protests outside the meetings of the global financial institutions ? Reclaiming the public ( â€Å"the world isn’t for sale† 34. What forms can anti-corporate activism take? Culture jamming, ad busting (climbing on a billboard) Questions on film: THE DIAMOND EMPIRE 1. What did Edward Epstein disc over is the real business of the diamond industry? RESTRICTING what people knew/got 2. Why can’t DeBeers operate legally in the United States? Because it is a monopoly 3. According to Thomas Helsby, what makes the diamond cartel different from other cartels?It is controlled by a single company (which is owned by Anglo-Americans which is owned by DeBeers) Interlocking ownership 4. What makes DeBeers monopoly of diamonds an astonishing feat? Supply of diamonds is plentiful and abundant 5. What threat did Ernest Oppenheimer make to become Chairman of DeBeers? He would flood the world market with diamonds 6. What did a DeBeers mining engineer warn of in 1930? The diamond monopoly is dependent on the fact that the general public believes diamonds are rare 7. What was the simplest answer to the potential threat posed by small diamond mines? To buy them out 8.How does Foudad Kamil describe the operation that he ran for DeBeers when investigating unlicensed diamond dealing and smuggl ing Terrorist groups, black market. Broke the law, beatings, punishments, kidnapped, took them as prisoners. Buying offices in jungles 9. The rise of what presented a new challenge to the diamond cartel? The rise of African Nationalism (1960) 10. What did DeBeers do when Mobutu Sese Seke emerged as the dictator of Zaire? Send in American businessman, Templesman. Attempt to mend relations with Mobutu regime. 11. What term is used to describe how the Mobutu regime operated in regard to atural resources such as diamonds? Cliptocracy ( organizing principle is one of theft 12. What did Debeers do to keep diamonds from Angola from flooding the market and depressing prices? Spent $1/2 billion†¦regulated diamond mining 13. According to Edward Epstein, what is DeBeers objective when mines are discovered in â€Å"inconvenient† places? Prevent mines from being developed that are outside their control and come up with ways to prevent these diamonds from reaching the market. 14. What is Ernest Oppenheimer alleged to have done in regards to the diamond mine in Murfreesboro in Arkansas?Illegally influenced the closing of the mine to keep diamonds off the market 15. What was DeBeers response when American strategists wanted industrial diamonds during the Second World War for the production of weapons? DeBeers hesitated ( they denied US free access to industrial diamonds 16. Who was DeBeers alleged to have supplied diamonds to during the Second World War? Hitler , Germany 17. What did an investigation by the Justice Department conclude about the DeBeers actions with regard to the industrial diamonds it did provide to the Unites States during the war? DeBeers overcharged US 18.What did DeBeers wartime advertising appeal to? American Patriotism ( Paid for mining which produces diamonds we need to win war 19. According to Edward Epstein, what was the major way that DeBeers wanted diamonds to be introduced when scenes were written into the movies? In a way that was con sidered favorable ( man had to surprise woman and present her with a diamond 20. What did the British royal family become in regards to DeBeers? Sales agents 21. What fear did the slogan â€Å"a diamond is forever† arise out of? Fear that sales would be cut if second hand jewelry was put out in the market 22.According to DeBeers message to its dealers, what is its goal? Convince consumer to buy diamonds for every romantic milestone (cultural imperative) 23. How did DeBeers respond to the discovery of diamond mines in Siberia? did business with Russians 24. What does Thomas Helsby think is amusing about the eternity ring? Filled with stones from Siberia 25. Who comprises a significant part of the Indian labor pool that cuts small diamonds? 750,000 cutters 100,000 children under 13 26. What have Indian diamonds made possible? Low price jewelry 27. How did DeBeers respond to the discovery of a diamond mine in Australia?Mobilized threatened to reduce prices 28. According to Walte r Adams, what does the Sherman Act say? As long as you have enough competitors and act independently public interest will be protected. 29. According to DeBeers executives, what is the easiest airport in the United States to use if you need to leave the country when a subpoena is issued? Chicago O’Hara’s Airport 30. According to Edward Russell what did his boss at GE tell him about competing with DeBeers in the gem market? We won’ t compete with DeBeers 31. What evidence does Edward Russell give for his belief that GE is involved in a cartel with DeBeers?After he was terminated, identical price increase was implemented 32. While Harry Oppenheimer has criticized the apartheid system in South Africa, why does Duncan Hines think he is not being genuine? He claims he opposes the apartheid system, but yet he makes money from it 33. How did DeBeers create a mining workforce from black people living on the land? Unskilled workers ( they forced them off the land by enfo rcing taxes the black people didn’t have cash so they had to work in mines to pay the taxes 34. What are working conditions like for the miners in South Africa? Long hours, not much to eat, harsh weather conditions 5. How did the revulsion of the world to the brutality of apartheid contribute to the growth of the Oppenheimers’ power within South Africa? Investors withdrew investments, international companies in South Africa got out of the country 36. What may be the cartel’s greatest accomplishment? Transformed the illusion that diamonds are valuable into a reality 37. Why is the diamond deception not a one-person play? Deceiver and deceived . The person who is deceived plays a part in the deception as well. It’s future rests in all of the people who believe its myths and carry on the value.

High School vs College 15 Key Differences

High School vs College 15 Key Differences SAT / ACT Prep Online Guides and Tips Are you about to start college soon? Are you wondering what changes to expect? How is college different from high school?When you compare high school vs college, you’ll find many differences, some of which are obvious, others less so. It’s important to understand how high school and college are different from each other so you know what to expect and can have a smoother transition when you begin college.In this guide, we explain the 15 most important differences between high school and college and give you tips to help make this major life change a bit less intimidating. How Is College Different From High School? There’s a reason so many movies, shows, and books focus on new college students: many people see the transition from high school to college as one of the most important turning points in their life.You’re no longer a kid living under your parents’ roof; instead you’re an adult living on your own and expected to make real, important decisions about your future. You’ll have a lot more freedom, but a lot will also be expected from you, both in class and out. Read on to learn specific high school vs college differences. High School vs College: 15 Key Differences Below are 15 high school vs college differences you’ll likely encounter once you begin college. There are pros and cons to both high school and college, but knowing what to expect will make you better prepared for this big change. #1: You’ll Have More Independence The biggest change for high school vs. college is that, in college, you’ll have much more independence than you had in high school. Many people focus on the fact that you’ll be living away from your parents, and this is a part of it, but you’ll have independence in many other areas as well. You’ll have the freedom to decide what you want to major in, which classes you want to take, when you want to schedule those classes, if you want to go out with your friends, how late you want to stay out, even what you want to eat in the dining hall. (I ate Reese’s Puffs cereal every day for four years because my parents never allowed it and I was thrilled to finally be able to have it for breakfast.) #2: You’ll Be Treated Like an Adult Along with your increased independence, you’ll also be treated like an adult in college as opposed to a child under your parents’ care. In college, you’ll no longer need to bring your parents permission slips to sign, you’ll be trusted to make your own choices for what you want to study, and you can arrange meetings yourself, without Mom and Dad helping you. For many students, it’s exciting to finally be viewed as an adult, but it also means an increase in responsibilities. If you have a problem with or question about homework, classes, a grade you got, etc.,you are the one who will need to solve it. You can’t expect your parents to call the school and fix the problem for you like they may have done in high school. #3: There Will Be a Wider Variety of Classes to Choose From In high school, you didn’t have a lot of choice in regards to which classes you took. You could probably choose a few electives, but your schedule was mostly filled with the standard math, science, English, and social studies requirements that all students had to take. In college, even if you attend a smaller school, you’ll have many more options. They’ll be a wider variety of classes to choose from, and many of them will focus on more specific topics like astronomy, ancient Roman history, French literature, the geography of the United States, and more.Many college students like this increase in class options since it makes it easier for them to choose classes on topics they’re really interested in. #4: Classes Will Have Different Formats and Sizes Each class you took in high school probably had about the same number of students and consisted mostly of lecturing, maybe along with some individual or group work. This isn’t true in college.Classes can range from two to 500 students, and their format can vary widely as well. Classes may be completely lecture-based, require hands-on lab work, or be discussion-based where you spend most of class time engaged in conversations or debates with your classmates and professor. #5: Your Schedule Will Be More Complicated In high school, school started and ended the same time every day, and your class schedule was probably the same for every day of the week.In college, things get a little trickier. Some classes meet three times a week for an hour and a half, some meet five times a week for an hour, some meet once a week for three hours, etc.This means you’ll likely be starting and ending class at different times during the week, and you may end up with a different class schedule for every day of the week. Some people like the variety this gives them, but it’s important to stay on top of your schedule so you don’t wind up forgetting to attend class. #6: You’ll Have a New Set of Classmates One of the most jarring things for many new college students is they’re no longer surrounded by classmates and friends they’ve known for years. Instead, you’ll be in a sea of strangers (at least at first), many of whom come from different areas and backgrounds than you. Additionally, you'll likely have a different set of classmates for each of your classes. That's a lot of new faces! This means you have lots of opportunity for making all kinds of friends, but expect there to be some awkwardness and loneliness at first as everyone gets to know each other and figures out their friend groups.Additionally, since in college everyone wants to be there (at least on some level), you may find your college classmates more motivated and dedicated to doing well in school compared to some of your high school peers. #7: Classes Will Require More Critical Thinking Is college hard compared to high school? Going to college isn’t just like attending four more years of high school. This is a big step up in your education, and your classes will be more challenging and expect you to keep up.You’ll be tested less on memorization and basic regurgitation of facts and more on critical thinking skills and being able to apply what you learned in class to other situations. You may learn a specific math equation and then be asked to apply that knowledge to more challenging types of equations, learn about different historical events and be asked to analyze how they affected future events, learn a scientific process and be asked to describe how it affects the environment, etc. #8: College Costs More There’s no way around it; college definitely costs more than high school. Tuition is thousands of dollars, and you’ll likely be paying for room and board as well. And those are just the main costs. College requires all sorts of smaller purchases too, like special goggles for your chemistry lab or official test taking booklets for final exams. Buying just one college textbook (often over $100) is enough to never let you take for granted all free materials you got in high school. #9: You’ll Spend Less Time in Class Most full-time college students spend about 15-20 hours in class a week, which comes out to about three or four hours a day. This is probably much less time than you spent in high school classes every day which means you’ll have a lot more unscheduled time to spend how you think is best. #10: You’ll Have More Schoolwork Don’t get too excited about spending less time in class; college definitely knows how to keep you busy. The general rule of thumb is that you’ll spend about three hours a week on schoolwork for every one hour of class you’re in. With a standard schedule of 15 credits, that means you can expect to spend 45 hours a week on schoolwork, about as much as a full-time job!This is often much more work than students had in high school, so you should be prepared for an adjustment. #: Attendance Will Be Up to You In high school, you had to go to class every day because if you didn’t, you could get in trouble for truancy or (sometimes even more frightening) your parents could find out.In college, there are no requirements for attending class, and no one is going to call your parents if you don’t show up.However, don’t make the mistake some college students do and think this means you don’t need to go to class. Many professors include attendance as part of your grade, and some will even fail you if you miss a certain number of classes without a valid excuse. Plus, it’s often very difficult to do well in a class if you never show up, and you’re paying a lot of money for these classes! Make sure you get the most out of them that you can. #12: You’ll Have More Social Opportunities Even if you were a social butterfly in high school, you’ll have tons more opportunities to be social and make friends in college. There will be sports teams to join, parties to go to, clubs you can be part of, and more.Most colleges are large enough to have something for everyone, so you’re bound to find an activity you’re interested in, whether that’s a recreational hockey team, the student government group, a club focused on promoting renewable energy, and more. There are also likely many more students at your college than there were at your high school, so your opportunities for making friends will multiply as well. However, you do need to make an effort to get the most out of these opportunities. Push yourself to try new things and strike up conversations with new people, and if you're feeling nervous, just remember that they're likely feeling the same way. Standard questions to ask new people you meet in college include: Where are you from? What dorm do you live in? What are you majoring in? Get ready to ask and be asked these questions a lot! #13: It’ll Be Harder to Stand Out Once you start college, you won’t be a big fish in a small pond anymore, and it’ll be harder to stand out from the crowd.While in high school you may have been the star student/athlete/singer, in college you’ll be surrounded by many talented classmates, many of whom were also the best at something in high school.Some students struggle with no longer automatically standing out, but there are plenty of benefits to this. First, you’ll be able to bond with other students who are also skilled at your talent. If you were, say, the star drama student at your high school, you may not hold the same position in college, but you can befriend all the other high school drama stars and create some awesome shows together. Additionally, some students like the anonymity being a new college student brings. If you’ve been labelled as a jock or theater nerd for all of high school, going to collegewhere people don’t know youallows you to shed or alter that identity if you wish and try new things (or try the same things with less pressure). #14: You’ll Get Fewer Grades in Class In high school, you probably had daily homework assignments you had to complete and got a grade for. These, along with some larger projects, quizzes, and tests made up your final class grade. If you got a low score in one, it was usually fine since there were plenty of other chances to make up for the low grade. Once you start college, you may find that many classes have far fewer assignments, meaning you’ll receive fewer grades and each of those grades are worth more.Instead of regular homework assignments and quizzes, many college classes are based only on a midterm grade and a final grade. This means you need to take those exams/papers/projects very seriously because if you mess up on one of them it’ll be very hard to raise your class grade back to where you want it to be. #15: You’ll Be Doing Lots of Reading You know those pictures of exhausted-looking students sitting next to a pile of textbooks they need to get through? That’s how many college students feel.Expect to do lots of reading in college, including textbooks, journal articles, and literature.If you’re majoring in a field like computer science or math you can expect less reading (and more homework), but you’re still guaranteed to have at least a few classes where you’re assigned to read a couple dozen textbook pages before the next class. You’ll get to know your school’s library very well. Tips for Making the Transition From High School to College Going from high school to college can be tough no matter how excited you are to start at your new school. Below are three tips to help make the transition easier. Know There Will Be Changes You’ve already taken one of the most important steps to prepare for transitioning from high school to college: you’re expecting and preparing for the differences.When you know that the high school to college transition will bring major changes, you'll be more prepared for anything that comes your way. Be Prepared for Some Bumps Many movies about college make it seem like new college students immediately find a group of close friends, know exactly what they want to study, and have an awesome social life. In reality, it rarely works like this.Many new college students have moments where they feel awkward, lonely, and homesick. This is completely normal; after all you’re making a major life change. By managing your expectations of college and not expecting to love it right away, you can better manage the transition from high school to college and not end up disappointed when it takes a little while to feel comfortable. Put Yourself Out There When you first start college, there will be a lot of changes, and it’ll be easy to hang out in your dorm room and text with your high school friends. However, you should resist this urge. College is probably the best time you’ll ever have to meet new people and try new things, so you should take full advantage. Keep your dorm room door open to meet your neighbors. Strike up a conversation with your chemistry lab partner. Join a club or sport you’ve never tried before.Not only will this make the transition from high school to college easier since you’ll be meeting more people, you may discover a new friend or hobby. What's Next? Not sure which college you want to go to? Check out our guide on choosing the right college so you can make the best decision. Stressing over college applications? We're here to help! Our step-by-step guide breaks down the complete college application process from start to finish. Worried about choosing a major on your college applications? Learn how to navigate the process and make an informed decision. Want to improve your SAT score by 160 points or your ACT score by 4 points?We've written a guide for each test about the top 5 strategies you must be using to have a shot at improving your score. Download it for free now:

No Talent for Writing

No Talent for Writing No Talent for Writing No Talent for Writing By Maeve Maddox A reader writes: I have all these great stories in my head, but no talent what so ever when it involves writing it down. Is there any advice you could give me or am I stuck? Unless the questioner wants to become an oral storyteller and tell these great stories to a live audience, or record them as audiobooks, the answer has to be, â€Å"Yes, you’re stuck.† However, I suspect that the person asking the question has made some attempt to put stories into writing, but is unhappy with the result. Welcome to the tribe of fiction writers. We all have great stories in our heads. Getting them out of our heads and onto paper is the hard part. Talent is nice to have, but plenty of writers earn a living with a minimal amount of it. Persistence is far more important to a writer than talent. A large proportion of the world’s population is made up of extremely talented writers who have been working on the same book, or thinking about working on a book, for years. The word talent can mean simply â€Å"an inclination or a disposition† for something. Or it can mean â€Å"an innate aptitude.† Anyone who has the inclination to write can do it. Writing is a craft. Like any craft, it can be learned, and it must be practiced. Not everyone has the aptitude to produce a novel like Pillars of the Earth, War and Peace, or The Time Traveler’s Wife, but anyone who shows up at the computer every day will produce something. It’s in the rewriting that you’ll discover the extent of your talent. The best advice I can offer to the questioner is, â€Å"Start writing.† Pretend that one of the story ideas in your head is a movie that you’d like to tell a friend about. Pretend you’re writing a letter to that friend and then, start writing. Want to improve your English in five minutes a day? Get a subscription and start receiving our writing tips and exercises daily! Keep learning! Browse the Fiction Writing category, check our popular posts, or choose a related post below:Dialogue Dos and Don'ts225 Foreign Phrases to Inspire You13 Theatrical Terms in Popular Usage

How to Organize Your Remote Team for Better Collaboration and Increased Results

How to Organize Your Remote Team for Better Collaboration and Increased Results Remote work is the new black. More and more specialists understand the pros of remote work for their productivity  and professional growth, choosing this type of employment today. To be specific, around two-thirds of global employees  work remotely. And while 44%  of global companies don’t allow remote work, small ones are twice as likely to hire remote specialists. Why? Remote teams demonstrate better focus and productivity. They have a better work-life balance, 82% less stress, and more opportunities for professional development. Marketers or business owners, we all want to work with the best professionals, right? So we need to understand all the hidden pros and cons of managing a team of remote workers. Are we sure we know who they are? What makes them different from freelancers? And, after all, are we ready  to build and work with a remote team for better business results? In this post, youll find the detailed profile of a remote specialist, get the idea of how to organize your everyday work with them, and know how to check their performance and motivate them to work even better. Sure enough, it goes with actionable tips and tools for organizing your remote teams work processes for max result. Templates to Manage a Remote Team Before getting into the nuts and bolts of this post, check out some templates to make managing a remote team easier. You’ll find: A creative brief template  to improve communication. An Agile standup template  to improve daily syncs. A Marketing Calendar Template  to set and meet all your deadlines. Freelancers vs. Remote Workers Some managers confuse remote workers with freelancers, but these two categories of specialists are far from the same. Freelancers have no employment obligations. You make a deal, asking a freelancer to do some work on your project; you discuss requirements and deadlines, and that's it. Freelancers work according to their own schedule, can choose projects from multiple brands, and invoice you based on their  rates and fees. Remote workers are your full-time employees who are just absent in the office physically. They are free to work remotely  from anywhere in the world but have a fixed working schedule and monthly salary. They can't work for other brands. In plain English, it's an office job that's not in the office. Your remote worker should clearly understand what goals they'll achieve in the workplace, what skills they'll get, and what they can give to your brand. Remote specialists need to realize they want to work for your company. With all that, they'll create cool things, outstanding and appreciated by others. They should have creative thinking  and independent decision-making: as a manager, you don't have the time nor the opportunity to answer constant questions; and your remote workers don't have time to ask tons of questions since they can’t just drop by your desk whenever. That said, they need to exhibit good decision-making skills as not to slow down the work process. Around two-thirds of global employees work remotely at some point during the week. Here are the...Why It's Awesome to Work With Remote Teams Reasons are many, but the top five are: Remote Workers are Result-oriented They understand that the company is giving them something they truly value†¦ the ability to work remotely. This creates a great deal of loyalty and the desire to prove their worth so remote workers are often high-performers that produce great results. You Open Your Doors to the Best Talent The global state of remote work allows you to find and hire specialists from all over the world. You don't choose from 10 or 100 people in your local market, but thousands across the world. It's specifically handy to have local knowledge when promoting your marketing campaigns  abroad. You Get a Chance to Organize all Business Processes Better For efficient work with remote teams, you need to organize, plan, structure, and manage everything up and down. It's your opportunity to fix drawbacks and improve your existing processes. You Have a Better Chance of Attracting Gen Y and Z By 2025, Millennials will occupy 75% of the workplace; and by 2020, 36% of employees  will be Gen Z. These are generations known as life hackers, global citizens, entrepreneurial spirits, and individualistic. They look for flexible work hours, desire to travel the world, and want a job that wouldn't nail them down to one location. That said, remote work becomes the top option for them. Your Employees Will be Happier Allowing your employees to work remotely creates happier employees. They aren’t subjects to many of the stress-related aspects of an office job like long commutes, they travel more and live how they want, and they appreciate that. So, as a rule, remote workers are more loyal  to your business organization.

The Plan for a Workplace Negotiation Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

The Plan for a Workplace Negotiation - Essay Example The negotiation between the union and the company will help to understand the issues which can affect the employees and affect the workplace environment thus needed to be sorted by the agreement between the two. In the present scenario out of the several issues the most considerable one which need to be focused and get agreement on are- i. The productivity benefits which the company has set are needed to be negotiated by the union to increase the percentage share for the employees as they are responsible for the production process. ii. The work timing should be agreement of total work hour of the employees in the whole year as performance varies from time to time and between employees. Employees need flexible timing in their workplace to suit their work and requirement of job. iii. The employees should be given some time to settle down and understand the work to perform. Thus the agreement should be done for a long term of minimum 2 years. iv. Lastly the joint venture committee is re quired to negotiate and convey information to the management about the employees to help the management to understand employees’ viewpoint before taking any decision. ... Question 2: Which overall strategy might you adopt? a) That is, a co-operative or a competitive strategy? Why? The strategy which should be implemented by the union is co-operative bargain strategy. In case of competitive bargaining process the negotiation between the parties lead to the utilization of power and tactics to reach their own goal (Beyond Intractability, 2010). There is a situation of win-lose in the outcome process. Management being in a strong position to implement strategies have better chances of winning in a competitive process. The union since have the plan of negotiation of the different issues will be more comfortable with the co-operative process in negotiation strategy. Co-operative process will help both the parties to seek a win-win position through mutual beneficial settlement on the issues. Interest based bargaining process through co-operation can lead to beneficial agreement and solve the problem which has arise in the organization as through co-operation the company will also be able to understand the cause of such conflict to cope in near future (Beyond Intractability-a, 2010). b) When will you use these strategies? That is, i) Which phases are likely to be used and why? and The phases of negotiation can be divided into broadly three stages which are needed to be followed by the union and the organization for a successful negotiation process. The phases can be referred as preparation, seeking agreement and finally the implementation of the outcome ideas and the negotiation (Humanitarian Negotiations with Armed Groups, 2006). Of the three phases ‘seeking agreement’ is the phase where the co-operative strategy is to be implemented by the workers’ union.

The Awakening Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

The Awakening - Essay Example the dedicated artist.† (Stone, 1986) Stone is of the opinion that Edna undergoes lack of decision power as well as deficiency in perceiving the things in an accurate way. Consequently, she seeks relief in the company of these two feminine characters from where she gets encouragement and pieces of advice regarding her domestic life on the one hand, and romantic emotions on the other. Adele and Reisz represent two different generations, which have strong relationship with Edna’s birth as an artist as a result of her emotional attachment with Robert Lebrun. Edna turns towards paintings in order to express her feelings out of her love for Robert, as she undergoes quite loneliness because her businessman husband is unable to pay due heed to his wife. Stone points out the role of the objects of nature, including ocean and hills, in Edna’s life, which instigate her fervor and boast her imagination and creativity. Stone has successfully explored the positive and negative aspects of the main characters of the novel with special focus on the protagonist Edna. Joseph Church observes all the characters of the novel â€Å"The Awakening† undergoing the situation of constant conflict between reason and emotions. Consequently, the main character i.e. Edna Pontellier acts according to the counsels offered by the unmarried pianist Reisz. Chopin witnesses the same conflict in minor characters of the novel too, including the lady in black and the lovers, though their conflict is comparatively trivial one. Thus, unlike Edna Pontellier, who until the very end painfully struggles and fails to unify these two sides of Being, Mademoiselle Reisz has sought to resolve the problem decisively, however spuriously, by siding primarily with mind-as-artist, denying the mind-absorbing passionate body in herself, and then unconsciously arranging to repossess passion vicariously through the young and sensuously beautiful Edna (Church, 2008: 21) Adà ¨le also contains interest in

GOVERNMENT 1 Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words

GOVERNMENT 1 - Essay Example Ideologies are formed by a person’s innermost beliefs, cultivated by years of thought and shaped by life’s numerous experiences. An ideological debate causes a more emotive response in individuals than does any other. Political ideologies can never die and in politically turbulent times, such as these, are very much alive. The 9-11 attacks, abortion the war in Iraq, the loss of civil liberties, global warming, health care, gay marriage, stem cell research and many other politically motivating subjects have ignited emotional ideological battles. This discussion explains the reasons for and provides examples of the current ideological fervor in the U.S. and will explain the discrepancies of a failed conservative ideology, which has been a major factor in this awakening. The tenets of Liberalism proclaim a strong conviction in democracy and belief that the constitutional authority of the people will limit a powerful, expansive government. Liberal legislative leadership, partly through necessity, has instigated steady governmental growth well beyond where the architects of the constitution and most citizens would favor. The conservative ideology is based upon their interpretation of Christian-based morality. Conservatives are against the government regulating corporations but are very much for legislation that regulates the private conduct of individuals and for advancing their religious agenda regardless of the irreparable damage to civil rights and liberties or the scientific or constitutional evidence that is contrary to their opinion. Abortion, stem cells, teaching evolution and gay marriage are preeminent examples of current ideological debates between Conservatives and Liberals. Those of a conservative ideology are against legalizing abortion. They believe it to be murder and are crusading to save babies’ lives. However,

The various theoretical approaches to Employment Relations all fail to Essay

The various theoretical approaches to Employment Relations all fail to provide an adequate explanatory framework for the development and practise found within this function of management. Discuss - Essay Example (Dodge, 1997) These companies do not discover these characteristics on a resume, so they employ behavior-based interviews as well ad in depth interviews of their pertinent candidates. Southwest gathers a group of job candidates in a room and observes how they interact. They ask them questions that will reveal personality traits. (Woog, 1998) Consistent feedback is a key element in keeping employees stuck to their respective jobs. This feedback should go both ways and recommends that managers ask employees open-ended questions to provide an opportunity to express their opinions. Employees today will change jobs many times during their careers. These workers are continuous learners and they keep pace with change, take responsibility for their own careers and are committed to the company’s success. (Nink, 2006) Talent management is a function of HR that needs identification of true talent and retaining of employees who work within their instinctive levels, let alone show prowess which is best suited for meeting the desired needs of the HR function. The role of the government in such an exercise is all the more significant since it has to realize that its role is significant right from the onset. The relationship between the organization and the government is one of a symbiotic one since the organization has to recog nize the talent pool which is available and the government needs to make viable conditions for them to exist and work in the best manner possible. (Bell, 2001) The role of HR thus is to liaison these activities in the best interests of the organization as well as the linkage that it has with the government. This helps the overall mission and vision basis of the organization and helps develop the objectives on a long term basis more than anything else. The need is to realize that talent management can truly play a pivotal role

The Impacts of International Agreements on Domestic Policy Research Paper

The Impacts of International Agreements on Domestic Policy - Research Paper Example These include presence of domestic distortions that may counter the process of investment and adjustment in new activities. Moreover, it is purported that trade gains and performance enjoyed by a nation relies on activities and performance of their trading partners. It is evident that foreign market accessibility reduces has both positive and negative effects on the trading activities of a given country. They can either raise or lower imports’ prices. Similarly, they have detrimental effects on the growth potential, investment incentives, and terms of trade of developing nations (Trela et al 271). Multilateral and bilateral international agreements have been identified to facilitate in addressing externalities or negative pecuniary spillovers chanced by trading partners’ policies. In addition, they help in adoption of feasible national policies and be implemented as instruments to solve non-pecuniary externalities. Rather than just focusing on national policies that imp acts pecuniary spillovers as the primary objective, attention has been raised due to the prevalence expansion of the domestic policies also known as the â€Å"behind the border† policies. ... Controversies emerge in cases where trade agreements are extended behind the border policies. This is in regards to government difficulties in drawing boundaries of the world trade organizations. Moreover, the government is faced with difficulties in determining the type of international organizations that can be better pursued through international trade organizations. Since, there exists no specific solution; specific analysis is inherent of the status quo domestic policies implications. Further, magnitude and existence of any negative spillovers and the benefits and costs impact of alternative forms of international associations is essential regarding to binding and voluntary dimensions. International agreements fostering trade liberalization have little impacts on economic growth stimulation in countries with distorted capital, markets, and product. Studies show that increased openness to commerce positively correlates to income in all nations or regions. Nevertheless, it is asso ciated with lower living standards in countries that impose high costs on restructuring or heavily controls new entry. Domestic policies in this sense restrict navigation of resources to sectors or firms exhibiting productive developments. Trade openness productivity effects are positively defined by entry and exit of firms rather turnover rates. Therefore, international trades associations facilitate rather allow reallocation of production factors, particularly policies that promote domestic competition exemplified by entry and exit of resources and flexibility in the labour market (Bako 78). Governments are faced with challenges on how to embrace international agreements in solving domestic distortions and enhancing trade-related institutions. International

The various theoretical approaches to Employment Relations all fail to Essay

The various theoretical approaches to Employment Relations all fail to provide an adequate explanatory framework for the development and practise found within this function of management. Discuss - Essay Example (Dodge, 1997) These companies do not discover these characteristics on a resume, so they employ behavior-based interviews as well ad in depth interviews of their pertinent candidates. Southwest gathers a group of job candidates in a room and observes how they interact. They ask them questions that will reveal personality traits. (Woog, 1998) Consistent feedback is a key element in keeping employees stuck to their respective jobs. This feedback should go both ways and recommends that managers ask employees open-ended questions to provide an opportunity to express their opinions. Employees today will change jobs many times during their careers. These workers are continuous learners and they keep pace with change, take responsibility for their own careers and are committed to the company’s success. (Nink, 2006) Talent management is a function of HR that needs identification of true talent and retaining of employees who work within their instinctive levels, let alone show prowess which is best suited for meeting the desired needs of the HR function. The role of the government in such an exercise is all the more significant since it has to realize that its role is significant right from the onset. The relationship between the organization and the government is one of a symbiotic one since the organization has to recog nize the talent pool which is available and the government needs to make viable conditions for them to exist and work in the best manner possible. (Bell, 2001) The role of HR thus is to liaison these activities in the best interests of the organization as well as the linkage that it has with the government. This helps the overall mission and vision basis of the organization and helps develop the objectives on a long term basis more than anything else. The need is to realize that talent management can truly play a pivotal role

Studying abroad or in home country Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Studying abroad or in home country - Essay Example Studying abroad someone is in a position to take advantage of multiple programs such as scholarships and to become better members of society as they are able to relate better with the different ethnic and cultural worldviews. Students studying abroad are able to experience new cultures. There is no better way of finding out about another culture than immersing oneself in it and studying in another country offers students that opportunity. Once one is working, holidays and experiences overseas may be limited to a short time but school offers a long enough period to gain different cultural experiences while acquiring new skills. Students studying in their home country only get to experience that of their own and miss out on how different experiences broaden one’s mind. Students studying abroad are able to make friends from different parts of the world and this gives them international connections to get jobs and funds in case they are interested in starting charitable organizations back in their home countries. There is likelihood that the universities chosen have students from the localities as well as others from all over the globe. A student who takes this to their advantage can graduate having established many lasting friendships with people from different backgrounds that can be great for networking and even future trips. The feeling of being internationally connected is a dream of many people around the globe and the best way possible to achieve this is through studying abroad. Being a part of an internationally diverse community even academic wise can enhance the quality of learning by providing a wide spectrum of opinions and expertise. Key job skills such as adaptability, global understanding and opinions, tolerance and leadership as well as independence are directly learnt by learning and living abroad. The job market today is highly competitive and it is likely to continue to so be and so students have to

The resistance of the wire Essay Example for Free

The resistance of the wire Essay I will do this buy putting crocodile clips on each end of the wire. I will then take the readings for the current after the wire and the voltage across the length of wire. I will then double check this by using a multimeter and measure the resistance across the piece of wire. I will repeat this three times. I will repeat the same method for all the other lengths of wire. Fair test: I will make it a fair test by using the same thickness of wire every time. I will use the same amount of voltage on the battery pack every time I take a reading. I will use the same equipment every time. I will also measure the thickness of the wire before every reading I take to make sure that it is always the same. I will make sure that the temperature of the wire is the same each time because as the temperature increases it causes the atoms to move around more, which creates more resistance as the moving atoms create a better barrier for the current. Results 1st Attempt Length of Wire (cm) Voltage (V) Current (Amps) Resistance (Ohms) 2nd Attempt Length of Wire (cm) Voltage (V) Current (Amps) Resistance (Ohms) 3rd Attempt Length of Wire (cm) Voltage (V) Current (Amps) Resistance (Ohms)Â   Average Length of Wire (cm) Voltage (V) Current (Amps) Resistance (Ohms) Analysis: In my prediction I said that: I predict that as the length of wire increases so will the resistance. I have found that my results are actually incorrect because I havent calculated the resistance but I can analysis the affect the length of wire has on the current. These results are incorrect because the voltage shouldnt be the same each time. The voltage should be measured across the wire so as the length increases the voltage should decrease. The resistance is then found from diving the voltage by the current. I can see from my results that my prediction was right because after the current has passed through the wire it decreases. This is more evident as the length of the wire increases because the current decreases as the wire increases. I can see from my average of results that when the length of the wire has doubled the current has almost halved because when the length of wire was 30 cm the current was 0. 65 amps and when the length of wire was 60 cm the current was 0. 32 amps, half of 0. 65 is 0. 325. I can see on my graph that my results a fairly accurate because three out of five of them touch the line of best fit and the forth point is 0. 1 amps higher than the line of best fit. My reading for 30 cm is 1. 1 amps higher than the line of best fit. From reading the line of best fit the reading for 30 cm should be 0. 54 and I got the reading 0. 65. The reading for the 70 cm of wire that I got was 0. 26 but on my line of best fit it is 0. 25. I can also see from my results the amount at which they decrease each time the length of the wire is increased is very similar. The difference between 30 cm of wire and 40 cm is 9 amps, the difference between 40 cm and 50 cm is 7 amps, the difference between 50 cm and 60 cm is 7 amps and the difference between 60 cm and 70 cm is 6 amps. This also shows that my results were fairly accurate and reliable. Evaluation: The first thing I would like to do is do my experiment again so that I can measure the resistance properly so that I can see if my prediction is really correct. I would measure the resistance properly by measuring the voltage across the wire and the diving the voltage by the current. I can see from my results that because all my readings do not touch the line of best fit they are not totally reliable. This may be because the temperature of the wire was different each time as I did not monitor the temperature or the length of the wire may not of been accurate because of the way the crocodile clips were placed. I would like to improve this by using pointers instead of crocodile clips; I would do this because pointers would be more accurate. The pointers would be more accurate because the tips have a much smaller area than the crocodile clips giving a more accurate measurement of the length of wire. As well as making these modifications I would also improve my investigation by testing the same wire but different widths of wire. I would do this to expand on my investigation.

Bring Your Own Device System: Pros and Cons

Bring Your Own Device System: Pros and Cons Table of Contents (Jump to) Introduction Advantage of using BYOD Risks of using a BYOD System How to build a Secure BYOD policy 1. Carry out a survey 2. How does employees use their device on the cooperate network Suggested BYOD Policy Access Control/ Acceptable Use Roles and responsibilities Devices and Support Security Termination of employment ISO standards to follow Benefits of using ISO 27002 Reference list Bibliography Introduction Calathumpian Group is facing a major information integrity issue, the CEO is concern about the way cooperate information are treated. The company is allows BYOD (Bring Your Own Device) system which means that employees can use their personal laptops , smartphones or tablets on the workplace for their daily workload and to connect to the corporate network (Webopedia.com 2015). Advantage of using BYOD Maximise profit by reducing personnel hardware cost The purpose of all organisation is to maximise profit while minimising expenses, BYOD allows minimum-zero technology cost since there is no purchase cost for employees working device and maintenance cost for the devices. Improve employees performance BYOD improves employee’s performance and efficiency at work as by allowing them to use their personal devices with which they use also for recreational or home purpose, they developed automatism that increase their productivity. Tasks and operations are completed faster (Workforce 2014). Reduce hardware alienation BYOD helps to keep employees comfortable in their working environment, since they know how to operate with their work devices. For example: for a new employee, it’s better to work with a device he/she knows than cooperate devices as they will have to be trained. Risks of using a BYOD System Software incompatibility Employees working on different versions of OS or software tools can cause information being not accessible or shared. This is not efficient and restrict data access. Distractions Employees usually have their favourite apps, games or series present on their laptops or smartphones, these entertainment may distract employees during their working hours thus reducing their performance. For example: employees checking their Facebook account every 20 minutes. Security Security is the major problem with BYOD systems, as it puts all your cooperate data in risk. As all employees will certainly use their devices outside the workplace, if they are infected by a virus or targeted by a hacker and connect to the cooperate network, the whole network will be affected and important data may be corrupted, stolen or deleted. How to build a Secure BYOD policy 1. Carry out a survey I order to build an effective BYOD policy, we have to analysis what type of devices are being used on the cooperate network. A survey done by the Forrester’s Forrsights Workforce Employee shows that smartphones and tablets are among the most used device on the workplace, the laptop being the most used device, as illustrated on the image 1, (InfoSec Institute 2013). 2. How does employees use their device on the cooperate network We have to analyse what processes are done by employees on the network, this will enables the BYOD policy to match the business operations. For example: Are they using skype to connect foreign suppliers, what software applications are being used, what mobile application is using the WIFI system to operate. This analysis will help to developed acceptance criteria and limitations for the BYOD policy. Suggested BYOD Policy In order to solve the situation Calathumpian Group is facing we will developed a BYOD Policy that can be implemented in the organisation’s system. The report will contain policy about acceptance use, User responsibilities, Cooperate IT Responsibilities, Devices and Support, Privacy Policy and Security Policy, we will keep the report simple and easy to understand in order to make the implementation of the Policy system better. Calathumpian’s employees must agree to the following policies in order to connect their devices to the cooperate network. If they fail to abide to the policies the company reserves the right to disconnect them to the network and press further charges. These policies are implemented for the well-running of the organisation by enforcing security and protect cooperate data. The template of Megan Berry (2015) will be used to develop the BYOD policy, it is simple and very comprehensive template (Itmanagerdaily.com 2015). Access Control/ Acceptable Use Activities that are productive to the business are considered as acceptable. Certain websites will be blocked on the network for the employees during working hours, only before and after the working hours that these websites will be accessible. This will encourage employees to be on time. Such websites relates to Social Networks (Facebook, Twitter, Instagram, Google +, etc†¦) Video Games related website Betting website Pornographic Torrents Streaming websites The network will only allow a limited amount of software tool to use internet or allowed connection to the network, this will decrease the risks of propagating viruses on other connected devices. Mobile apps that are allowed on the network are : emails , messaging apps (such as WhatsApp , Viber , Messaging , Skype) , system updates Mobile apps that are blocked includes : iTunes , Google Play , Apps Store , Mobile Games and Social networking apps Roles and responsibilities Dividing responsibilities in the company helps to maintain a certain hierarchy and determine how should do what and when. In order to solve the problem Calathumpian Group is facing, roles and responsibilities must be implemented so that the employees knows what are expected from them. In this case a structured IT department is needed. IT Security Manager Since the CEO of the Group might not be comfortable with IT department due to his age, it is better to choose some who is qualified for this job. The IT Security manager will be in charge for the creation and maintenance of the BYOD policy. This involves the risk management, security management and enforcing the BYOD policy. Human resource manager The HR manager will be responsible for the comprehension of the BYOD policy inside the company. His job is to ensure that the employees understand their commitment. IT department This department will provide help for the employees regarding the BYOD policy. For example: when an employee terminate his contract with the company, the IT department is responsible for the deletion of sensible information regarding the company. They are also responsible for the implementation of hardware policies such as: block websites and some mobile application, antivirus configuration (Auto scan on power on), maintenance of the network and other processes. All employees All employees must abide to the set of rules and regulations present in the BYOD policy, not respecting it will cause sanctions from the organisation as they are putting the company’s information at risks. Devices and Support Mobile operating system such as IPhone (4, 4S, 5, 6), Android devices (KitKat and Lollipop), Blackberry and Windows phone are allowed only. Android tablets and IPad are allowed The IT department is not responsible for any device software or hardware failure The IT department has the right to take the mac address of every device connected to the network, for security purpose. The mac address will help the IT department to apply certain restriction to specific employees Security To prevent unauthorised access to devices, employees must use strong passwords to protect their devices. A strong passwords is categories as Having at least 8 characters Combination of lower and upper case letter Must include at least two digits Cannot contain symbols Employees must change their passwords every 60 weeks Every time an employee leave his work place, he/she must automatically lock his/her device to prevent unauthorised access. Employees must encrypt their information such as emails , documents and other files Employee must hand over their devices to the IT department in order to connect to the network Termination of employment In order to prevent cooperate information to be accessible when an employee leaves the organisation for a particular reason, the later must present the device used on the network for inspection. The IT department will be responsible for that (Shrm.org 2015), they will delete all company related data on the device. ISO standards to follow â€Å"A standard is a document that provides requirements, specifications, guidelines or characteristics that can be used consistently to ensure that materials, products, processes and services are fit for their purpose. We published over 19500 International Standards that can be purchased from the ISO store or from our members Tools and techniques â€Å"(Iso.org 2015) In this case the ISO standard that best suit the problem of Calathumpian Group is the ISO/IEC 27002, which focus on information security management. This standards helps to maintain information such as employee details, cooperate financial report or other cooperate related information. Benefits of using ISO 27002 Risk management Find potential risk Helps to eliminate them Security policies Information security management Resource management HR security Physical security Communications management Access control Incident response management (SearchSecurity.co.UK 2015) Tools and Techniques Incident Response Reference list InfoSec Institute,. 2013. Importance Of A BYOD Policy For Companies Infosec Institute. http://resources.infosecinstitute.com/byod-policy-for-companies/. Itmanagerdaily.com,. 2015. BYOD Policy Template. http://www.itmanagerdaily.com/byod-policy-template/. SearchSecurity.co.UK,. 2015. What Is ISO 27001? Definition From Whatis.Com. http://searchsecurity.techtarget.co.uk/definition/ISO-27001. Shrm.org,. 2015. Electronic Devices: Bring Your Own Device (BYOD) Policy. http://www.shrm.org/templatestools/samples/policies/pages/bringyourowndevicepolicy.aspx. Webopedia.com,. 2015. What Is Bring Your Own Device (BYOD)? Webopedia. http://www.webopedia.com/TERM/B/BYOD.html. Workforce, The. 2014. The Pros And Cons Of Bring-Your-Own-Device (BYOD) For A Mobile Field Workforce MSI Data. MSI Data. http://www.msidata.com/pros-and-cons-of-byod-in-mobile-field-workforce. Bibliography 1 | Page Sensoneural Hearing Loss: Features of Patients Sensoneural Hearing Loss: Features of Patients Permanent unilateral and bilateral assymetrical sensorineural hearing loss: Clinical, vestibular, audiological and radiological evaluation. Abstract The aim of this study was to evaluate the clinical, vestibular, audiological and radiological features of patients with permanent unilateral and assymetrical sensoneural hearing loss (SNHL). Material and methods: Twenty eight patients with either permanent unilateral and asymmetrical bilateral SNHL,diagonosed by means of pure tone audiometry(PTA) have been submitted to clinical,vestibular, audiological and radiological evaluation. Results: Total twenty eight patients with male :female ratio of 2.11 were analysed. 22 (78.57%)patients had unilateral and 6(21.43%)patients had bilateral asymmetrical SNHL.Right :left ratio in cases of unilateral SNHLwas 0.83:1. Both tinnitus and vertigo was present in 12(42.95%)patients and absent in 10 (35.8%)patients.On otoscopy tympanic membrane was intact in all cases.PTA showed profound loss in majority of cases.Tone decay was done in11 patients and was normal in all cases.Cold calorie was done in 27 patients and was absent in 7(25.9%)patients ,hypoactive in 8(29.6%)patients.MRI study was done in 9 patients.Out of 9,7 were normal and rest two showed positive findings. Conclusion: Proper clinical, vestibular and audiological work up is important before radiological investigation is sought to increase diagonostic yield and cost effectiveness in unilateral, bilateral (asymmetrical)SNHL. INTRODUCTION Although a commonly encountered diagnosis by otolaryngolist, unilateral SNHL represents a difficult clinical entity for the specialist. Whereas the diagnosis is easily obtained by PTA, diagonosis of cause and treatment represents the complexity of this clinical situation. Further complicating work up is the evergrowing cost for laboratory and radiological studies(1).Reiss M (1994) carried out study for differential diagnosis of unilateral hearing loss(2).Hendrix RA(1990) carried out study on asymmetrical sensoneural hearing loss.(3).Asymetrical hearing loss is the difference of more than 10 db averaged over the frequencies 0.5,1,2 and 4Khz or 20 db or more at any single frequency(4).A recent study has suggested a rule 3000 where in asymmetry of 15 db or more at 3000Hz require a MRI. If less than 15 db, a biannual audiometric follow –up is sufficient(13).In present study, we present clinical, vestibular ,audiological and radiological features of patients with either permanent u nilateral SNHL or asymmetrical hearing loss. MATERIAL AND METHODS This prospective study was conducted in the department of Otorhinolaryngology,government medical college,Srinagar,Kashmir on 28 patients, consisting both pediatric and adult patients from December 2013 to May 2014. After taking history about hearing loss and associated symptoms, otoscopy and PTA, patients were subjected to audiological and vestibular evaluation. Radiological investigation(MRI) was done in selected group of patients because of financial and other reasons. Sex distribution, laterality, audiological, vestibular and radiological findings are presented in tables1-6. RESULTS A total of 28 patients were included in present study. Out of 28 patients,19 were males and 9 were females with male to female ratio of 2.11.(table 1).Involvement of left ear was more common than right and 6 patients (21.42%) had bilateral asymmetrical loss(table2).Vertigo and tinnitus was associated symptoms in 12 patients(42.95) and 10patients(35.8%) presented with hearing without associated symptoms(table3).Tone decay test was normal in all tested patients.(table4).Cold calorie test was hypo- active in 8 patients(29.6%) and absent in 7 patients(25.9%)(table5).Radiological findings were normal in 7 out of 9 patients(table6). DISSCUSSION We describe 28 patients of unilateral and asymmetrical SNHL which were clinically ,audiologically and radiologically evaluated. Male preponderance was observed in the present study which is consistent to other study.(5). In studies by Cadoni G etal(2005) and Stefano Berrettini(2013), both have female preponderance which is in contrast to present study(6,7). In present study,left ear was more affected as compared to right which is in consistant to study done by Stefano Berrettini(2013).(7). In our study tinnitus is present in 14 patients(50.09%) and vertigo is present in 16 patients(59.3%). Study done by Stefano Berrettini showed tinnitus was present in 87% and vertigo in 44% cases(7). In present study, Tone decay test(TDT) was done in 11 patients.TDT was not done inpatients having profound SNHL. In all patients in which TDT was done ,results were normal. P.L.Bhatia (1969) etal in his study used TDT for diagonosis of retro cochlear pathology(8). It helps in diagonosing neural lesions quite accurately(9). In our study vestibular function test (cold calorie test) was done in all patients except one.CCT was absent(no response) in 7 patients(25.9%) and hypoactive in 8 patients(29.6%).Stafano Berrettini etal used calorie stimulation test in his study(7). Although the findings of decreased vestibular function on calorie testing in ipsilateral side to a SNHL historically has been usefull in suggesting the diagonosis of vestibular schwannoma. But at present ,it is not sensitive enough tobe helpful diagonostically for vestibular schwannoma because a small inferior vestibular nerve schwannoma might not cause an abnormal calorie response(10).Hypoactivity of the affected side is seen in meineres disease(11). In present study,patients having hypoactive calorie test or absent calorie test or in whom tone decay test could not be done due to profound hearing loss were subjected to radiological investigation(MRI).One patient on MRI showed micro haemorrhages in left peritrigonal area and other patient on MRI showed vestibular schwannoma.MRI is now the recommended investigation for diagonosis of retrocochlear pathology.(2,12).MRI scanning with Gagolinium will identify virtually all tumours and was considered to be gold standard(14).Recently T2-weighted fast spin echo MRI has been found to be sensitive and less expensive than gadolinium enhanced standard MRI(15). CONCLUSION Clinical ,audiological and vestibular testing is important in diagonostic workup of unilateral and asymmetric hearing before radiological investigation is done to decrease economic burden and to increase diagonostic yield from definite radiological investigations. REFERENCES 1.Jacques Peltier.Grand rounds presentation,UTMB,Dept. of Otolaryngology Nov10,2004. 2.Reiss M,Reiss G. Differential diagonosis of unilateral hearing loss.Praxis .2000.Feb 3;89(6):241-247. 3.Hendrix R A,De Dio RM,Scalajani AP.The use of diagonostic testing in asymmetrical SNHL. Otolaryngol Head Neck Surgery.1990 oct;103(4):593-8. 4. David M Baguley.Age –related SNHL.Chapter238 a.Scott Browns vol 3 seventh Edition. 5.Prognostic factors of sudden SNHL in diabetic patients.Diabetes care October 2004 vol.27 no10 2560-1. 6.Cadoni G etal.Sudden SNHL:Our experience in diagonosis, treatment and outcome.J.Otolaryngol.2005 Dec;34(6):395-401. 7.Stefano B.etal.Analysis of 3-D(FLAIR) sequence in Idiopathic SSNHL.JAMA Otolaryngol head and neck surgery vol 139(no.5)May 2013. 8.P.L.Bhatia.A Sinha. Tone decay test: A simple and reliable audiological test.Laryngoscope vol79 issue 11 page no 1879-90.Nov 1969. 9.Anirban Biswass.Tone decay test. Clinical and vestibulometry.Fourth Edition. 10. Glasscock-Shambauugh.Surgery of the ear.Chapter 32.Fifth Edition. 11.Abir K Bhattacharya, Jabin thaj. Investigation protocol for SNHL. Otorhinolaryngology Clinics: An international Journal,may-aug 2010;2(2):107-112 12.Mahillon V. Diagonostic management of unilateral SNHL in adults.Rev med Brux 2003 Feb;24(1) :15-19 13.Saliba I, Martineau G,Chagnon M.Asymmetric hearing loss: Rule 3000 for screening vestibular schwannoma. Otol Neurotol 2009 jun; 30(4) :515-521 14.Fergusion etal. Efficiency of tests used to screen cp angle tumours: A prospective study.Br J Audiol 1996,jun :30(30):159-76 15. Shelton C. etal. Fast spin echo MRI: Clinical application in screening for acoustic neuroma. Otolaryngol Head neck surgery 1996:114(1):71-76 Table1: Sex distribution of patients (n=28) Table 2: Laterality of involved ear of patients (n=28) Table 3: Associated symptoms with hearing loss (n=28) Table 4: Tone decay test of patients (n=11) Table 5: Cold Calorie test of patients (n=27) Table 6: Radiological (MRI) findings of patients (n=9)